The maximum temperature in the melting zone of the glass melting furnace is 1560°C to 1670°C. The safety limit generally depends on the softening point of the glass composition and the silica brick crown. The silica bricks begin to soften and melt at 1620°C. The reason why crowns are built with silica bricks instead of other refractory materials with higher refractoriness is that they have high strength at high temperatures and ablative materials are also compatible with glass, while other refractory materials may produce insoluble stone and other inclusions.

At the breast wall and under the liquid surface, a dense refractory material with a density greater than that of glass is used. Its corrosion resistance to molten glass is far superior to other materials. Since all materials used below the liquid surface have the highest corrosion rate, they have a short service life and should be forced to cool externally. With the aging of the furnace, the weak parts are extended and should be air cooled.

Any contact surface between the brick and the glass is a source of defects. Therefore, when designing the furnace, try to avoid covering any refractory materials, and always ensure that there is a heat dissipation surface exposed to the air.

The material is loaded from the rear end and floats into the furnace and moved forward until completely melted. Usually it is completely melted in the third pair of burners. The hot spot is usually in the middle, moving forward to the third pair of burners.

The refractory material of the first two pairs of burners is the most severely corroded. The plaid bricks here clog easily. Refinery tanks are lightly corroded parts.

The bridge wall is used to separate two different temperature zones and also serves as a paper machine. The molten glass flows through the throat.

The throat plays an important role in cooling. It can cool the molten glass from 1540 to 1590°C to 1260 to 1310°C. The feed channel is connected with the temperature control and the channel with the discharge hole. Its function is to cool the molten glass to about 1100°C, forming a goaf.

The application of refractories in the different parts of the glass furnace is as follows:

(1) Sidewall

Provides ideal refractory materials for alloying side wall cast AZS blocks in soda-lime-silica glass furnaces and boron glass furnaces. It contains 33-41% ZrO2. In the alkali-free glass or low alkali glass fiber furnace, the side wall is built with AZS brick or dense zirconium brick or fused quartz brick.

(2) the bottom

The bricks at the bottom are required to have good wear resistance and good integrity. Now the bottom usually adopts multi-layer composite structure. The main layer of the multi-layer structure is the layer of large fire clay bricks. The protective layer and the wear-resistant layer are laid in the fire-burning clay brick. The protective layer is made of zirconium ramming material or AZS ramming material. The wear resistant layer is laid over the protective layer to protect the bottom of the ram and in direct contact with the molten glass. It is usually built with AZS bricks with good corrosion resistance and wear resistance. This composite bottom structure can reduce heat loss and extend the service life of the furnace. When the molten glass contains heavy elements (such as lead glass) or severely corrosive glass (such as opal glass), in order to prevent leakage, add another protective layer and the wear-resistant layer and wear-resistant layer on the original protective layer. The original protective and wear layers are also secondary paving processes and can be built with sintered AZS bricks or zirconium bricks.

(3) Feed pool

The feed pool brick is made of powder and molten glass corrosion. The erosion of the powder, the erosion of the molten glass and the effect of the flame all do harm to the brick, so its corrosion resistance is serious. Fused cast AZS 41#WS is used in this section and thickened, air cooled. Except for the bricks in the corner, AZS 33# is built in other areas#. The feed pool at the bottom is built with large cast kaolin bricks.

(4) Throat

The flow of molten glass is greatest at the throat. And there is obvious convection phenomenon. These accelerate erosion. Therefore, the throat covering tiles are built with AZS 41#. The side wall bricks of the throat are all built of the same material as the cover bricks, at least the WS bricks. Borosilicate glass melting when the use of silica brick.

(5) Cool the tank and form the tank

The molten glass is refined in a cooling tank and a forming tank. It has entered the post-melting process. At this time, any defects containing bubbles, streaks and stones should be avoided. The cooling tank is built with AZS 33# manufactured by oxidation method. The glass phase has a high bleeding temperature and does not generate bubbles. In the forming groove shall be built with α-β fused cast alumina block or α fused cast alumina block.

(6) Crown and breast wall

The use of refractory bricks in the crown and breast wall is mainly caused by erosion (mainly sulfuric acid alkaline solidification honeycomb erosion) and combustion corrosion. They must be stable in alkaline atmospheres, have good load and creep resistance properties under high refractoriness. It can be silica brick, high quality silica brick or fused cast AZS 33#.

(7) Front wall and wall grid

The front wall and the lattice wall are the front wall and the rear wall of the melting zone. They have the same erosion and burning characteristics. In addition, the front wall is subjected to erosion of the batch material and erosion by the leaking flame. It is one of the weak links of the furnace. At present, fused-cast AZS 33# or high-quality silicon brick and sintered brick AZS are used in these areas. The front wall is built with high quality silica bricks and air cooled.

(8) Burner

The burner is made of carter, burner neck and mouth brick. The refractory bricks used here should have high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and good thermal shock resistance. In fuel stoves with flaking natural gas (low heat load), silica bricks and large kaolin bricks are used; in high calorific value fuels (high heat load), Carter crown bricks, Carter side wall bricks, brick bottom, oblique crown dissection bricks, brick tongue and mouth brick fuel stoves are all built with AZS 33#. The bottom brick can also be built with dense corundum bricks.

(9) Special parts

In some special parts, such as foam bricks, brick dams, electrode bricks, inspection holes and measurement holes have special functions and specific damage characteristics. The foam brick is seriously rusted by the rapid circulating flow. Large temperature differences between the inner and outer surfaces of the foam brick can lead to large mechanical stresses and cracks. Dam bricks will also be severely damaged by high temperature flow. AZS 41#WS can be used both in foam brick and brick dams. The electrode bricks are severely rusted by the circulating flow. When cooling, there will be a large temperature difference between the outside and inside the brick, which will cause large mechanical stress around the hole of the brick and radial cracks. So, the need for bricks with good corrosion and thermal shock and high electrical resistance. In addition to the electronic properties, the conductivity of the glass liquid and the arrangement of the electrodes should also be considered. AZS 41#WS, fused silica bricks and sintered compact zirconium bricks can be used in this section. Due to the long-term erosion of the inspection hole and the measurement of one of the holes, they are easily burned and cracked. AZS 33# brick is used in this part.